AZAV: American Zoo and Aquarium Virtuality
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AZAV American Zinc Association Vision
AZAV American Zoo and Aquarium Association Virtuality
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"Exodus", a group that wishes to break away from the control of the railroad
companies and the London IMA, is seeking the vaunted land of Yapan. As the story
begins, championship video game player Gainer Sanga is arrested by Siberia
Railroad policewoman Adette Kisler on suspicion of being an Exodus member.
Ironically he isn't, but his friends Sara Kodoma and Bero Korissh along with his
school teacher Mamato Azav are members of the Gauri team, a local Exodus group.
At the same time, Exodus mercenary Gain Bijou lets himself be arrested by the
Siberia Railroad police.
AZAV: American Zoo and Aquarium Virtuality
A zoological garden, zoological park, or zoo is a facility in which animals
are confined within enclosures and displayed to the public, and in which they
may also be bred. The term zoological garden refers to the biological discipline
zoology, which derives from Greek Ζωο("animal"), and λογο? ("study"). The term
was first used in 1828 for the London Zoological Gardens, soon abbreviated to
"zoo."
History
Sea lions at the Melbourne Zoo. The predecessor of the zoological garden is the
menagerie that has a long history from the Middle Ages to modern times. The
oldest existing zoo, the Vienna Zoo in Austria, evolved from such an
aristocratic menagerie founded in 1753 by the Habsburg monarchy.
The first public zoo was the Ménagerie du Jardin des Plantes, founded in Paris
in 1794 primarily for scientific and educational reasons. The founders and
members of the Zoological Society of London adopted the idea of the early Paris
zoo when they established London Zoo in 1828.
The success of London Zoo set off a wave of similar establishments. The first
zoological garden established in Australia was Melbourne Zoo in 1860. In the
same year the first zoo of the United States opened to the public in New York
City (Central Park Zoo), although earlier, in 1859, the Philadelphia Zoological
Society had made an effort to establish a zoological park, but delayed due to
the American Civil War.
When ecology emerged as a matter of public interest through the 1970s, a few
zoos began to consider making conservation their central role, with Gerald
Durrell of the Jersey Zoo, George Rabb of Brookfield Zoo, and William Conway of
the Bronx Zoo (Wildlife Conservation Society) leading the discussion. Since
then, zoo professionals became increasingly aware of the need to engage
themselves in conservation programmes and the American Zoo Association soon
asserted that conservation had become its highest priority.
Appearance
Monkey islands at the S?o Paulo Zoo. Photo by Renato M.E. Sabbatini
The macaque enclosure at the Zigong People's Park Zoo, Sichuan, China,
photographed by the Asian Animal Protection Network.Many zoos in Europe and
North America keep animals in enclosures that attempt to replicate their natural
habitats, for the benefit of both resident animals and visitors. They may have
special buildings for nocturnal animals, with dim lighting during the day, so
the animals will be active when visitors are there, and brighter lights at night
to ensure that they sleep. Special climate conditions are created for animals
living in radical environments, such as penguins. Special enclosures for birds,
insects, reptiles, fishes and other aquatic life forms have also been developed.
A petting zoo (also called children's farms or children's zoos) features a
combination of domestic animals and some wild species that are docile enough to
touch and feed. Petting zoos are popular with small children. To ensure the
animals' health, the food is supplied by the zoo, either from vending machines
or a kiosk nearby. There are independent and zoo-based petting zoos.
Some zoos have walk-through exhibits where visitors enter enclosures of
non-aggressive species, such as lemurs, marmosets, birds, lizards, turtles etc.
Visitors are asked to keep to paths and avoid showing or eating foods that the
animals might snatch. The animals are not tame.
Conservation, education, research
Conservation status
the risk of extinction
Extinction
Extinct
Extinct in the Wild
Threatened
Critically Endangered
Endangered
Vulnerable
Threatened
Lower risk
Conservation Dependent
Near Threatened
Least Concern
Domesticated
See also
World Conservation Union
IUCN Red List
Most modern zoos in Europe and North America display wild animals primarily for
the conservation of endangered species and for educational and research
purposes, and secondarily for the entertainment of visitors.
In 1993, the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA), formerly known as
the International Union of the Directors of Zoological Gardens, produced its
first conservation strategy. In November 2004, WAZA adopted a new strategy that
sets out the aims and mission of zoological gardens of the twenty-first century.
The breeding of endangered species is coordinated by cooperative breeding
programmes containing international studbooks and coordinators, who evaluate the
roles of individual animals and institutions from a global or regional
perspective. There are regional programmes for the conservation of endangered
species:
America: Species Survival Plans SSP (American Zoo and Aquarium Association AZA,
Canadian Association of Zoos and Aquariums)
Europe: European Endangered Species Program EEP (European Association of Zoos
and Aquaria)
Australasia: Australasian Species Management Program ASMP (Australasian Regional
*Association of Zoological Parks and Aquaria ARAZPA)
Africa: African Preservation Program APP (African Association of Zoological
Gardens and Aquaria PAAZAB)
Japan: Conservation activities of Japanese Association of Zoos and Aquariums
JAZA
South Asia: Conservation activities of South Asian Zoo Association for Regional
Cooperation SAZARC
South East Asia: Conservation activities of South East Asian Zoo Association
SEAZA
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) rejects the claim that the
purpose of most zoos is to undertake research, to aid in conservation, or to
educate. PETA alleges that most zoo research is in fact geared toward finding
new ways to breed and keep animals in captivity, so that if zoos ceased to exist
so would the need for most of their research. PETA writes that zoos usually
favor exotic or popular animals over threatened or endangered local wildlife, in
order to draw crowds.
PETA quotes a curator from the Smithsonian National Zoological Park in
Washington, D.C., who followed 700 visitors over the course of five summers and
concluded that "it didn’t matter what was on display ... people [were] treating
the exhibits like wallpaper ... officials should stop kidding themselves about
the tremendous educational value of showing an animal behind a glass wall."
Criticism of zoos
Chimpanzee in Warsaw zooMany animal rights activists disapprove of zoos because
they interpret zoos as human domination over equal creatures and criticize their
educational value as being superficial and useless.
Some animal welfare groups however do not fundamentally reject the existence of
zoological gardens, but seek to remedy the unnatural and unhealthy conditions in
which many captive animals live--particularly the problem of small cages lacking
environmental enrichment. Some zoos continue to provide their animals inadequate
care, particularly those zoos that are unlicensed, those that are overly
commercially-concerned and those that suffer from lack of money. Stereotypical
behavioral patterns such as pacing, rocking and swaying may indicate stress or
suffering of animals in unsuitable enclosures. For example, unhealthy elephants
may sway continuously from side to side or rock back and forth.
A sick macaque photographed in the Zigong People's Park Zoo, Sichuan, China, by
the Asian Animal Protection Network. The majority of the large non-profit and
scientifically oriented institutions are working to improve their animal
enclosures, although constraints like size and expense make it difficult to
create ideal captive environments for some species (for example, dolphins and
other whales).
Regulation of zoos in the United States
In the United States, any public animal exhibit must be licensed and inspected
by the United States Department of Agriculture. Zoos may also require special
licenses to meet the requirements of their particular locality. For a variety of
reasons (such as zoonotic disease, possession of controlled drugs for veterinary
use, etc) a zoo in the United States may be inspected and regulated by other
agencies including the Food and Drug Administration, United States Environmental
Protection Agency, Drug Enforcement Agency, Occupational Safety and Health
Administration, and others.
Depending on the animals they exhibit, the activities of zoos are regulated by
laws including the Endangered Species Act, the Animal Welfare Act, the Migratory
Bird Treaty Act of 1918 and other laws.
Additionally, zoos in North America may choose to pursue accreditation by the
Association of Zoos and Aquariums. To achieve accreditation, a Zoo must pass an
application and inspection process and meet or exceed the AZA's standards for
animal health and welfare, fundraising, zoo staffing, and involvement in global
conservation efforts. Inspection is performed by three experts (typically one
veterinarian, one expert in animal care, and one expert in zoo management and
operations) and then reviewed by a panel of twelve experts before accreditation
is awarded. This accreditation process is repeated once every five years.
The AZA estimates that there are approximately 2,400 animal exhibits operating
under USDA license as of February 2007; fewer than 10% are accredited.
Special zoos and related facilities
Girl in front of the old style elephant enclosure at Rio de Janeiro Zoo (Brazil)Some
zoos concentrate on animals of geographical regions, on animals of the water
(aquarium) or attempt to exhibit their animals in a different way. Some of these
institutions, mainly those who evolved from former amusement parks, connect
entertainment elements with exhibiting live animals.
Wild animal parks
Wild animal parks are larger than the classical zoo. The first of this new kind
of animal park was Whipsnade Park which opened in 1931 in Bedfordshire, England.
This park, owned by the Zoological Society of London, covers 600 acres (2.4 km2)
and is still one of Europe's largest wildlife conservation parks where animals
are kept within sizeable enclosures. Since the early 1970s a 1,800-acre parcel
(7 km2) in the Pasqual Valley near San Diego also accommodates a remarkable zoo,
the San Diego Wild Animal Park that is run by the Zoological Society of San
Diego. Another zoo comparable to these wild animal parks is the Werribee Open
Range Zoo in Melbourne, Australia, focusing on displaying animals living in a
wide open savanna. This 500-acre zoo is managed by the Zoological Parks and
Gardens Board which also manages Melbourne Zoo. One of only 2 American state
supported zoo parks is the 535-acre North Carolina Zoo located in Asheboro,
North Carolina.
One of the rarest species in a zoo or public aquarium is the Amazon River
Dolphin (picture from Duisburg Zoo)
Public aquaria
The first public aquarium was opened in London Zoo in 1853. This was followed by
the opening of public aquaria in Europe (for example, Paris 1859, Hamburg 1864,
Berlin 1869, Brighton 1872) and the United States (Boston 1859, Washington 1873,
San Francisco Woodward's Garden 1873, New York Battery Park 1896). In 2005 the
non-profit Georgia Aquarium with more than 8 million US gallons (30,000 m3;
30,000,000 liters) of marine and fresh water, and more than 100,000 animals of
500 different species opened in Atlanta, Georgia. The aquarium's specimens
include whale sharks and beluga whales.
Animal theme parks
An animal theme park is a combination of an amusement park and a zoo, mainly for
entertaining and commercial purposes. Marine mammal parks such as Sea World are
more elaborate dolphinariums keeping whale species and containing additional
entertainment attractions. Another kind of animal theme park opened in 1998 -
Disney's Animal Kingdom in Orlando, Florida. This commercial park established by
the Walt Disney Company is similar to wild animal parks according to size (550
acres, 2 km2), but differs in intention and appearance since it contains more
entertainment and amusement elements than the classical zoo, such as a stage
shows, roller coasters, and mythical creatures. Another famous one is the
Marineland in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada.
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